About Conference

We will have speakers, poster sessions and workshops designed to represent the talks from experts and students.

Sessions/Tracks

Session-01: General Virology

Virology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of viruses and viral diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of viruses. Viruses also cause serious diseases in plants and livestock. Viruses have been implicated in a disease that is ravaging our honeybees, threatening natural pollination cycles and thus much of agriculture.  A major branch of virology is virus classification. Viruses can be classified according to the host cell they infect animal viruses, plant viruses, fungal viruses, and bacteriophages. Viruses cause many important infectious diseases, among them the common cold, influenza, rabies, measles, many forms of diarrhea, hepatitis, Dengue fever, yellow fever, polio, smallpox and AIDS. Herpes simplex causes cold sores and genital herpes and is under investigation as a possible factor in Alzheimer's. The study of the manner in which viruses cause disease is viral pathogenesis. The degree to which a virus causes disease is its virulence. General virology is the branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses, their structure, replication, interactions with host cells, and their impact on organisms. Unlike bacteria or fungi, viruses are unique because they lack the machinery to reproduce on their own and must hijack host cell systems to replicate. This makes them fascinating subjects of study, especially in understanding their behavior, evolution, and the diseases they cause. Viruses are composed of two main components: a genome and a protein coat. The genome, which can be either DNA or RNA, carries the genetic instructions for making new viral particles. The protein coat, known as the capsid, protects the genome and aids in the virus's attachment to host cells. Some viruses also have an envelope, a lipid layer taken from the host cell membrane, which aids in viral entry into new cellsViral replication involves several key stages. First, the virus attaches to specific receptors on a host cell surface. Once inside, the virus's genetic material is uncoated and hijacks the cell’s machinery to replicate itself. New viral genomes and proteins are then assembled into new virus particles, which are released from the host to infect other cells. This process can lead to cell damage or death and result in disease symptoms. Viruses are classified based on their genome type (RNA or DNA), structure, and replication method. 

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Session-02: Coronavirus (COVID-19)

The Novel Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (COVID-19). In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild (common cold) to lethal (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19) and recover without requiring special treatment and in birds and mammals also cause various diseases. People with medical problems like diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer and also in elder are more likely to develop serious illness. At present, no specific treatment is there for disease caused by a novel coronavirus. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a novel coronavirus that emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The virus quickly spread globally, leading to a pandemic and profound social, economic, and healthcare impacts. SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, but it can also spread via contaminated surfaces. Early symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, and difficulty breathing, with some cases leading to severe respiratory distress or even death, particularly in older adults or individuals with pre-existing health conditions. COVID-19 is characterized by its ability to cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild or asymptomatic cases to severe illness. In some individuals, the infection leads to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failure. The virus targets the respiratory system, but it can also affect other organs, including the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic carriers have played a significant role in the virus’s spread, making containment efforts challenging. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has involved strict public health measures, including lockdowns, social distancing, mask-wearing, and widespread testing. Vaccines have been developed and distributed at an unprecedented rate to curb the spread of the virus and reduce severe illness. These vaccines, including mRNA-based vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, have proven effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and reducing the severity of illness. However, the virus continues to evolve, leading to the emergence of new variants, such as the Delta and Omicron strains, which have raised concerns about transmissibility and vaccine efficacy. 

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Session-03: Molecular and Cellular Virology

Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. Many viruses, in particular RNA viruses, have short generation times and relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication for RNA viruses). Virus Genomes are very small and they are incredibly diverse and subject to rapid genetic change. Molecular and cellular virology is a field of study that focuses on understanding how viruses interact with host cells at the molecular level and how they hijack cellular machinery for replication. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they cannot replicate independently and must rely on host cell systems to reproduce and propagate. This area of virology explores how viral genomes are transcribed and replicated, how viral proteins are synthesized, and how new viral particles (virions) are assembled and released from infected cells. At the molecular level, viruses can have either RNA or DNA genomes, and their replication strategies vary based on the type of genome they possess. RNA viruses, for example, rely on an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate their genomes, while DNA viruses typically use the host's DNA polymerase. Understanding these processes allows researchers to identify potential targets for antiviral drugs that can inhibit viral replication. Additionally, viral proteins are crucial for the assembly of new virions, and their interactions with host cell machinery are essential for the virus’s life cycle. At the cellular level, viruses can manipulate a host cell’s functions in numerous ways to enhance their replication. Many viruses alter host cell signaling pathways to favor viral replication, block the host’s immune responses, and ensure that resources within the cell are directed towards the production of viral components. Some viruses also induce host cell death through apoptosis or necrosis, which aids in the release of new virions. In some cases, viruses can establish chronic or latent infections by integrating their genetic material into the host’s genome, avoiding immune detection, and persisting within the host for long periods. Research in molecular and cellular virology has led to significant advances in understanding viral pathogenesis, including how viruses cause diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and respiratory illnesses. 

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Session-04: Animal Virology

Viruses are smaller and simpler in construction than unicellular microorganisms, and they contain only one type of nucleic acid—either DNA or RNA—never both. As viruses have no ribosomes, mitochondria, or other organelles, they are completely dependent on their cellular hosts for energy production and protein synthesis. They replicate only within cells of the host that they infect. Animal virology developed largely from the need to control viral diseases in humans and their domesticated animals. Viruses, like other infectious agents, enter the animal body through one of its surfaces. They then spread either locally on one of the body surfaces or through lymphatic and blood vessels to produce systemic infection. Iridoviridae and African Swine Fever Virus, adenovirus, Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus, herpesvirus are some of the major viruses causing diseases in cattle. At least one major disease of each domestic animal species except sheep is caused by a herpesvirus, including such important diseases as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, pseudorabies, and Marek's disease. However, there are several approaches to their prevention, control, and eradication. The most generally useful control measure is the use of vaccines. Animal virology is the branch of virology that focuses on viruses that infect animals, including humans, livestock, and wildlife. It examines the interaction between animal hosts and the viruses that cause a variety of diseases. These viral infections can range from mild, self-limiting illnesses to severe, life-threatening conditions. Animal viruses can affect various organ systems, leading to diseases such as respiratory infections, neurological disorders, and cancer. A prime example is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, or the rabies virus, which affects the nervous system of mammals. One important aspect of animal virology is studying how viruses adapt to and infect their host cells. Viruses typically enter animal cells through specific receptors on the cell membrane, which they recognize and bind to. Once inside, the virus hijacks the host cell’s machinery for replication, producing new virus particles that can infect other cells. This process of viral replication often damages the host cell, leading to disease symptoms. Some viruses, such as retroviruses, can even integrate their genetic material into the host genome, causing chronic infections that may persist for the life of the host. Animal virology also plays a critical role in understanding the zoonotic potential of viruses.

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Session-05: Clinical and Diagnostic Virology

Diagnosis of any probable viral infection with the help of various tests such as, specific, assorted or conventional tests to identify the causative virus. Multiple methods are in use for laboratory diagnosis in probing the viral infections, including serology, viral culture, antigen detection, and nucleic acid detection. Due to various developments in the technology, we see high-end and quite impressive immunologic and molecular diagnostic tests are developed to provide more accurate results and to detect the viruses- type, number and to identify their pathogenicity as well. This field provides specific recommendations for diagnostic approach to clinically important viral infections. Clinical and diagnostic virology focuses on the identification, diagnosis, and management of viral infections in patients. This branch of virology is critical for understanding how viral diseases manifest in humans and animals, and it plays a pivotal role in guiding appropriate treatments and preventive measures. Accurate diagnosis of viral infections is essential for effective patient management, especially since many viral diseases share symptoms with bacterial or fungal infections. Clinicians rely on various diagnostic methods to detect the presence of viral pathogens and determine the type of virus responsible for the infection. Diagnostic techniques in clinical virology have evolved significantly, with modern approaches like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) providing sensitive and specific means to detect viral DNA, RNA, or proteins in patient samples. PCR, for instance, amplifies viral genetic material, allowing for the detection of even small amounts of viral RNA or DNA. Serology is also commonly used to measure antibodies or antigens in blood, indicating whether an individual has been recently infected or has developed immunity. Additionally, viral cultures, although less commonly used today, involve growing the virus in a laboratory setting from patient samples, providing a direct method of identifying the virus. In the clinical context, diagnostic virology helps differentiate between different viral infections, such as distinguishing between influenza, COVID-19, and other respiratory viruses. 

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Session-06: Viral Immunology

Viral immunology is simply the study of immune responses to viruses. A prolonged tissue-damaging effect resulting from an immune reaction against viruses is considered immunopathology. Such situations most commonly involve persistent viruses, which are themselves often mildly cytodestructive in the absence of an immune reaction. Chronic tissue damage initiated by viruses can also result in development of an auto reactive and an occasionally oncogenic response. Viral immunology is the study of the immune system’s response to viral infections and how viruses interact with and evade host immune defenses. When the body is exposed to a virus, the immune system mounts a response to recognize, neutralize, and eliminate the virus. This process involves both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Understanding viral immunology is crucial for the development of vaccines, antiviral therapies, and strategies to prevent viral diseases. The first line of defense against viral infections is innate immunity, which includes physical barriers, such as skin and mucosal membranes, and immune cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. These cells recognize general patterns in viral proteins or nucleic acids and respond quickly by producing interferons, signaling molecules that inhibit viral replication. However, innate immunity is often insufficient to fully clear the infection, and the adaptive immune system takes over. Adaptive immunity involves the activation of T and B lymphocytes. T cells recognize infected cells and can directly kill them, while B cells produce antibodies that bind to viral particles, preventing them from entering host cells. This immune response is highly specific to the virus and can provide long-lasting protection through the formation of memory cells. Memory T and B cells "remember" the virus and can mount a faster and stronger response if the virus is encountered again, which is the basis for immunity after vaccination or recovery from infection.

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Session-07: Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Antiretroviral therapy refers to HIV treatment that uses a combination of two or more antiretroviral drugs. Antiretroviral therapy revolutionized HIV treatment upon its introduction in 1996. Antiretroviral therapy is an effective treatment for HIV. It does not cure the condition, but it can reduce the viral load to undetectable levels. This means that the virus is not transmittable through sexual activity and a person's immune system can recover. It usually takes around 3–6 months for the viral load to reach undetectable levels. Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is the primary treatment for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, designed to suppress viral replication and improve the quality of life for individuals living with HIV. ART involves the use of a combination of antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle, preventing the virus from replicating and reducing the viral load in the body to undetectable levels. By keeping the virus under control, ART not only prevents the progression to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) but also reduces the risk of HIV transmission to others. ART typically includes a combination of drugs from different classes, each targeting a specific part of the HIV replication process. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) block the reverse transcription step, which is crucial for HIV to replicate its RNA genome into DNA. Protease inhibitors (PIs) prevent the maturation of viral particles by blocking the HIV protease enzyme. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) block the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. Finally, entry inhibitors and pharmacokinetic enhancers are used to prevent the virus from entering host cells or to boost the effectiveness of other drugs. 

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Session-08: Pediatric Viral Infectious Diseases

Infections caused by viruses are universal during childhood and adolescence. Clinicians will regularly care for children and adolescents who present with infections caused by a wide number of viral pathogens. These infections have varied presentations. Many infections may have clinical presentations that are specific to the infecting virus but present differently, based on the age and immunocompetence of the patient. Some children are directly impacted early in their lives when maternal disease results in an in utero infection (cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, or parvovirus B19). Other viruses may infect children in a predictable pattern as they grow older (rhinovirus or influenza virus). Pediatric viral infectious diseases refer to viral infections that affect children, ranging from common illnesses to more severe or life-threatening conditions. Children are particularly vulnerable to viral infections due to their developing immune systems, which may not yet have encountered many pathogens. Viral infections in children can lead to a wide range of symptoms, from mild fever and cough to severe conditions such as pneumonia, encephalitis, or even death, depending on the virus involved. Common viral infections in children include respiratory viruses like the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, and influenza (flu), which can cause seasonal outbreaks of fever, chills, body aches, and respiratory symptoms. Rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold, are also frequently encountered in children, leading to upper respiratory tract infections. These viral infections are often self-limiting, but in some cases, they can escalate into more serious conditions, especially in children with underlying health issues or weakened immune systems. Other significant pediatric viral infections include measles, mumps, and rubella, which were once common but are now largely preventable due to widespread vaccination. Despite the availability of vaccines.

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Session-09: Antiviral Drug Discovery and Development

Viruses are intracellular pathogens that have evolved many devious strategies to evade host immune responses and, as a consequence, have plagued human health throughout history. Combating viral diseases with vaccines or antiviral drugs, or both, is a constant challenge. Even when successful strategies are discovered and employed, the high rate of genetic change exhibited by many viruses, particularly RNA viruses, often enables drug resistance or vaccine escape. This is compounded by the periodic emergence of new viral pathogens. Antiviral drug discovery and development is a critical field focused on identifying, designing, and producing medications to treat viral infections. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacterial pathogens, antiviral drugs specifically inhibit the replication of viruses, making them essential in the management of viral diseases. The development of antiviral therapies is particularly important in the treatment of viral infections such as HIV, influenza, hepatitis, and more recently, COVID-19. Given the rapid mutation rates of many viruses, the discovery of effective antiviral agents requires ongoing research and innovation to keep up with emerging viral strains and to combat drug resistance. The process of antiviral drug discovery begins with the identification of a viral target. Viruses rely on the host cell machinery for replication, and antiviral drugs work by interfering with one or more stages of this process. The most common strategies include inhibiting viral enzymes (such as proteases, reverse transcriptase, or RNA polymerases), blocking the viral entry into host cells, or preventing the virus from releasing new viral particles. For example, drugs like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) target the influenza virus by inhibiting its neuraminidase enzyme, which is necessary for the virus to exit the host cell and infect new cells. Once a potential antiviral compound is identified, it undergoes extensive testing through preclinical studies and clinical trials. Preclinical testing involves studying the drug's effectiveness in vitro (in the laboratory) and in animal models, while clinical trials assess safety, dosage, efficacy, and side effects in human patients. 

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Session-10: Viral Vaccines

Vaccines have been among the most effective health approach for protecting the individual against viral disease, with two of worlds successful vaccine being against small pox and poliovirus. Viral vaccines  is a combination of inactivated viruses and activated viruses. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, they do not have ability to replicate and to bring about a response it contains an antigen. Activated or livevaccines contain the live form of the virus. Currently, Virus like particles organizes a new vaccine concept. Such particles consist of self-assembled structural proteins from the virus which can elicit an immune response but as they lack the genetic material from the virus are safer vaccines, research going on the rational development of a triple-layered virus like particle vaccine against rotavirus using the baculovirus insect cell system as production platform. Viral vaccines are one of the most effective tools in preventing viral infections, helping to protect individuals and communities from the spread of diseases caused by viruses. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and respond to specific viruses without causing the illness itself. This is typically achieved by introducing harmless components of the virus, such as viral proteins or inactivated virus particles, into the body. In response, the immune system produces antibodies and activates memory cells, which remain in the body to provide long-lasting protection if exposed to the virus in the future. Vaccines have played a critical role in reducing the incidence of viral diseases worldwide. For example, the smallpox vaccine led to the global eradication of smallpox, and the polio vaccine has brought the world closer to eradicating poliovirus. Vaccines for diseases like measles, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis B have significantly decreased the number of cases and deaths from these viral infections. One of the most significant achievements in viral vaccination is the development of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which helps prevent cervical cancer and other cancers caused by HPV. The development of viral vaccines involves understanding the virus's structure and behavior. Researchers identify viral antigens, which are the specific parts of the virus that the immune system can recognize, such as viral proteins found on the surface of the virus. Different types of vaccines use various approaches to present these antigens to the immune system. Inactivated vaccines use viruses that have been killed or inactivated.

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Session-11: Plant and Agricultural Virology

The epidemiology of plant virus diseases concerns the cyclical development of virus diseases within plant populations in time and space. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. In the viral life cycle, viral entry is the emergent stage of infection, as the virus invades with the host cell and intrudes viral material into the cell. Plant and agricultural virology is a field of study focused on viruses that infect plants and crops, causing diseases that can have significant economic and ecological impacts. Plant viruses can lead to reduced crop yields, impaired growth, and even plant death, resulting in major losses for farmers and agricultural industries worldwide. Unlike animal or human viruses, plant viruses often spread through mechanical damage, insect vectors (such as aphids or whiteflies), or contaminated seeds and tools, making their control and management challenging. Understanding the nature of these viruses and their interactions with plants is crucial for developing effective strategies to minimize their impact on agriculture. Plant viruses typically have RNA or DNA genomes, and they hijack the plant's cellular machinery to replicate and spread within the plant. The symptoms of viral infections in plants can range from leaf discoloration, mosaic patterns, and stunted growth to wilting and death, depending on the virus and the plant species affected. For example, the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic mosaic patterns on tobacco and other crops, while tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) affects a wide variety of plants, including tomatoes and peppers, leading to fruit distortion and yield loss. Viruses such as banana streak virus and cucumber mosaic virus are also known to cause significant damage to key agricultural crops. Management of plant viral diseases is particularly challenging because viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics or traditional antiviral drugs

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Session-12: Viral Oncology

Viral oncology is a subdivision of oncology,in these it is concerned with treatment of  human cancers /tumors with virus particles. Approximately 20% of all cancers worldwide results from chronic infections, in specific, up to 15% of human cancers is characterized by a viral aetiology with higher incidence in Developing Countries. Certainly, the infectious nature of specific tumors has important implications in their prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. In the 21st Century, the research on viral oncology field continues to be dynamic, with new significant and original studies on viral oncogenesis and as a translational research from virology for the treatment of cancer. Viral oncology is the study of viruses that have the potential to cause cancer, known as oncogenic viruses. These viruses can lead to cancer by altering the normal functioning of host cells, often by inserting their genetic material into the host's genome. Some viral infections are directly linked to the development of various cancers in humans and animals. This area of research has provided crucial insights into cancer biology and has led to advances in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Oncogenic viruses are responsible for a significant proportion of cancers worldwide, including cervical cancer, liver cancer, and Kaposi’s sarcoma, among others. One of the most well-known oncogenic viruses is the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly types 16 and 18, which are responsible for the majority of cervical cancers. HPV can integrate its DNA into the host cell's genome, disrupting normal cell cycle regulation and promoting uncontrolled cell growth. Similarly, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major causes of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) due to their ability to induce chronic liver inflammation and mutations in liver cells over time. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to several types of cancers, including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, while the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma and certain lymphomas, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

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Session-13: STD & HIV/ AIDS and Emerging Viral Diseases

The human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes HIV infection and AIDS.HIV diagnosis is done by testing your blood or saliva for antibodies to the virus. HIV/AIDS clinical trials are research studies done to have a better approach, distinguish, or treat HIV/AIDS. Clinical trials are the predominant way to determine if new medical approaches to HIV/AIDS are safe and effective in people. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS remain significant global health challenges, with viral infections playing a major role in the spread and impact of these diseases. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), which causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), is one of the most well-known and devastating viral diseases transmitted through sexual contact, along with other modes of transmission such as needle sharing and mother-to-child during childbirth. HIV targets the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells, weakening the body's ability to fight off infections and leading to acquired immunodeficiency. Although there is currently no cure for HIV, advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have enabled people living with HIV to manage the virus effectively, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and live longer, healthier lives. ART has also played a critical role in reducing HIV transmission Beyond HIV, other viral STDs include herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis B and C viruses. These infections can cause a variety of symptoms and long-term complications, such as genital warts, sores, and in some cases, cancer (e.g., cervical cancer from HPV). Vaccines have been developed for HPV and hepatitis B, providing an essential means of prevention. However, the global burden of STDs remains high, and many viral STDs, such as HSV and HIV, lack effective cures, highlighting the importance of prevention strategies, including safe sexual practices, vaccination, and early diagnosis. In parallel with STDs, the world faces the emergence of new viral diseases, which can threaten public health on a global scale. Emerging viral diseases are infections caused by newly identified viruses or previously known viruses that have spread to new areas or undergone changes that make them more virulent or harder to control. Examples of recent emerging viral diseases include Zika virus. 

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Session-14: Respiratory viral diseases

Recently one of the most common viral infections are the respiratory tract infections. Respiratory tract infections are including with the infection of sinuses, throat, airways or lungs. The respiratory tract infections (RTI) are generally classified in tow subdivisions as Upper Respiratory tract infections(URTI) and Lower Respiratory tract infections (LRTI). The viruses which are associated with respiratory disorders these are adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, Coxsackie virus, human metapneumovirus. espiratory viral diseases are a major cause of illness and death worldwide, affecting the lungs and airways. These diseases are caused by various viruses, including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, among others. Respiratory viral infections can range from mild upper respiratory symptoms like the common cold to severe conditions like pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). These diseases are highly contagious and can spread rapidly, particularly in crowded settings, through droplets from coughing, sneezing, or close contact with infected individuals. One of the most well-known respiratory viral diseases is influenza, which can cause seasonal outbreaks and pandemics. The influenza virus infects the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue. While many people recover from influenza with supportive care, it can be particularly dangerous for vulnerable populations, including the elderly, young children, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying health conditions. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against influenza, although the virus’s ability to mutate frequently requires annual updates to the vaccine. Another significant respiratory viral disease is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which primarily affects young children and infants. RSV causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia, leading to severe breathing difficulties in infants, particularly in those with weakened immune systems or pre-existing conditions. For most children, RSV infection results in mild cold-like symptoms, but for others, it can lead to hospitalization. While there is no specific antiviral treatment for RSV, supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and fluid management.

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Session-15: Gastrointestinal viral diseases

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection marked by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever. The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu —is through contact with an infected person or by ingesting contaminated food or water. If you're otherwise healthy, you'll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly. There's no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. In addition to avoiding food and water that may be contaminated, thorough and frequent hand-washings are your best defense. Gastrointestinal viral diseases are infections caused by viruses that primarily affect the digestive system, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. These viruses are highly contagious and are spread through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected individuals. The most common viral pathogens responsible for gastrointestinal diseases include norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus. These infections can range from mild illnesses to more severe cases that lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and in some cases, hospitalization. Norovirus is one of the leading causes of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, particularly in settings such as cruise ships, schools, and nursing homes, where outbreaks can occur rapidly. It spreads through contaminated food or water, or through person-to-person contact, and typically causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. While norovirus infections are usually self-limiting and resolve within a few days, they can be particularly dangerous for young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems, due to the risk of dehydration. Rotavirus is another significant cause of viral gastroenteritis, particularly in young children. Before the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, it was a leading cause of severe diarrhea in children, often resulting in dehydration and hospitalization. The vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus infections globally. Rotavirus typically causes fever, vomiting, and watery diarrhea.

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Session-16: Hepatic viral diseases

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Many illnesses and conditions can cause inflammation of the liver, for example, drugs, alcohol, chemicals, and autoimmune diseases. Many viruses, for example, the virus causing mononucleosis and the cytomegalovirus, can inflame the liver. Most viruses, however, do not attack primarily the liver; the liver is just one of several organs that the viruses affect. There are several hepatitis viruses; they have been named types A, B, C, D, E, F (not confirmed), and G. The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B, and C. Reference to the hepatitis viruses often occurs in an abbreviated form (for example, HAV, HBV, HCV represent hepatitis viruses A, B, and C, respectively.)  Hepatic viral diseases refer to infections of the liver caused by various viruses, leading to conditions such as hepatitis, which can range from mild to severe and may result in chronic liver damage or even liver failure. The most common viral agents responsible for hepatic diseases are the hepatitis viruses—specifically hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E—each with distinct transmission routes, symptoms, and long-term consequences. Hepatitis A is a highly contagious viral infection that is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water, especially in regions with poor sanitation. It causes an acute infection with symptoms such as fatigue, jaundice, nausea, and abdominal pain. While hepatitis A usually resolves on its own without long-term liver damage, it can cause more severe illness in certain populations, such as older adults. Vaccination against hepatitis A has been highly effective in reducing the incidence of the disease, particularly in regions with widespread vaccination programs. Hepatitis B is a bloodborne virus that can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or other bodily fluids, including through sexual contact, shared needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Hepatitis B infection can be acute or chronic, with chronic infections often leading to serious liver complications, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Vaccination against hepatitis B has dramatically reduced the incidence of new infections, particularly in high-risk groups.

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Session-17: Neurologic viral diseases

Neurological viral diseases are the most important field that signifies the connection of clinical neuroscience, virology, immunology, and molecular biology. The main target of this field is to investigate the viruses which can infect the nervous system. Without this there is a additional study of this division, the use of some viruses to trace neuroanatomical pathways, for gene therapy, and to eliminate detrimental populations of neural cells. Neurologic viral diseases are infections that affect the nervous system, caused by various viruses that can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild headaches and fever to severe neurological impairments such as paralysis, seizures, and even death. These viral infections often target the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, causing conditions such as encephalitis, meningitis, and polio. The viruses responsible for neurologic diseases can be transmitted through different routes, including direct contact, insect vectors, or respiratory droplets. One of the most notable neurologic viral diseases is rabies, caused by the rabies virus, which is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. Once symptoms of rabies appear, the disease is almost universally fatal, making it one of the deadliest viral infections. Rabies primarily affects the brain and spinal cord, causing agitation, hallucinations, and eventually paralysis. However, rabies can be prevented through prompt post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with a series of rabies vaccinations, which are highly effective in preventing the onset of symptoms if administered soon after exposure. Another major neurologic viral disease is poliomyelitis (polio), caused by the poliovirus, which can lead to irreversible paralysis. While polio has been largely eradicated through global vaccination efforts, the disease continues to be a threat in some parts of the world where vaccination coverage is low. Polio is spread through contaminated water or food and affects the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. The introduction of the polio vaccine has been one of the most successful public health campaigns in history, with polio cases reduced by over 99% since the vaccine's development. Meningitis and encephalitis are other significant neurologic viral diseases. Viral meningitis, often caused by enteroviruses, is an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. While viral meningitis is often less severe than bacterial meningitis.

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Session-18: Insect vector and virus epidemiology

Currently, molecular studies on replication, assembly, and host interactions of insect viruses have contributed enormously to molecular, cellular, organismal biology. The ease with which many insect viruses are propagated in cell cultures or live animals, the high yields virus particles or virus encoded macromolecules and the simplicity with which many insect viruses can be genetically manipulated represent just a few experimental advantages provided by these pathogens.  Viral epidemiology is concerned with study of incidence and spread of viruses in population over time. Host, virus and environmental factors are monitored to determine the dynamics of viral infections, the ultimate goal of which is to devise intervention strategies. Insect vectors play a critical role in the transmission of a wide range of viral diseases, making vector-borne viral infections a major concern for global public health. These viruses are transmitted through the bites of infected insects, which act as vectors, carrying the virus from one host to another. Common insect vectors include mosquitoes, tsetse flies, and ticks, which transmit viruses such as dengue, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever, and chikungunya. The epidemiology of these viral infections depends on various factors, including the geographic distribution of the vector, environmental conditions, human behaviors, and the presence of animal reservoirs. Mosquitoes are the most well-known insect vectors of viral diseases. Aedes mosquitoes, for example, are responsible for transmitting viruses like dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes breed in standing water and are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Climate change, urbanization, and global travel have all contributed to the expanding range of these vectors, increasing the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases. In addition to the mosquito’s distribution, the epidemiology of these viruses is influenced by factors such as the mosquito’s ability to survive in urban environments, the density of human populations, and the presence of animal reservoirs that amplify the virus, such as non-human primates for yellow fever. West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis are other examples of mosquito-borne viruses that can cause neurological diseases in humans. These viruses are typically transmitted by Culex mosquitoes and are most common in temperate regions.

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Session-19: Bacterial and Fungal Virology

The study of parasites that multiply inside bacteria by making use of the host biosynthetic machinery is known as bacterial virology. Bacteriophages are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. Since the early 1970s, bacteria have continued to develop resistance to antibiotics such as penicillin, and this has led to a renewed interest in the use of bacteriophages to treat serious infections.It deals with viruses that infect fungi are known as Mycoviruses.  Mycoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes and isometric particles, but about 30% of them have positive sense and single-stranded RNA genomes, to be a  true Mycoviruses, they must have an ability to be transmitted ( in other words be able to infect other healthy fungi). Bacterial and fungal virology is an emerging field that explores the interactions between viruses and prokaryotic organisms (bacteria) as well as fungi. While viruses traditionally infect eukaryotic cells, there is also a fascinating subset of viruses that target bacteria (bacteriophages) and fungi (mycoviruses). These viruses play crucial roles in microbial ecosystems, influencing microbial behavior, evolution, and even the dynamics of infections in humans, animals, and plants. Understanding these viral interactions offers insight into microbial ecology, the development of new therapeutic strategies, and potential applications in biotechnology. Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. These viruses are ubiquitous in nature and can be found in nearly every environment where bacteria thrive, from soil and water to the human gut. Phages play an essential role in controlling bacterial populations, and their diversity is vast, with different phages targeting specific bacterial species. Phage therapy, which uses bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections, has gained renewed interest as an alternative to antibiotics, particularly in light of the global rise in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Phages are highly specific, making them an attractive option for targeting pathogenic bacteria without affecting beneficial microbes. Phage therapy is currently being explored as a potential treatment for various conditions, such as chronic wound infections, gastrointestinal infections, and respiratory infections caused by resistant bacteria. In addition to their therapeutic potential, bacteriophages are important tools in biotechnology and molecular biology. 

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Session-20: Current Focus in Virology Research

Current research in virology includes the investigation of mechanism of HIV replication and pathogenesis. Other research involves chronic and latent infections caused by viruses such as Epstein-Barr and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus and herpes simplex and the retrovirus. Scientists  are also studying viral host interactions along with the mechanism of viral induced cellular transformation. Drug-drug interactions happen when a drug interacts, or meddles, with another drug. Change the way either of the drug demonstration in the body, or cause sudden reactions. The drug included can be doctor prescribed solutions, over-the-counter meds and even vitamins and normal items. Virology research is constantly evolving, with scientists investigating new ways to understand, prevent, and treat viral infections. A major focus of current research is the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies, particularly in light of the ongoing challenges posed by emerging viruses and the global burden of chronic viral diseases. COVID-19 has emphasized the need for rapid vaccine development and innovative treatments, and researchers are now focusing on improving vaccine platforms, such as mRNA vaccines, which proved successful during the pandemic. Beyond COVID-19, research is also intensifying around vaccine candidates for neglected diseases like Zika, dengue, and HIV, where there has been limited progress over the years. Another critical area of focus is the study of antiviral drugs. With the rise of drug-resistant viruses and the limitations of existing treatments for many viral infections, researchers are exploring novel antiviral compounds that target different stages of the viral life cycle. For instance, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C have revolutionized treatment, and researchers are now applying similar approaches to other viral infections, including HIV, influenza, and herpesviruses. The development of antiviral drugs that can target multiple viruses or viral families is another exciting avenue.

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Session-21: Microbiology

Pure Microbiology provides a broad platform of a large plethora of research and plenty of new insights into different areas of Microbiology. bacteriology, nematology, parasitology, etc., the antibiotics are the agents used against pathogenic bacteria, either orally or paternally.Microbiology is the branch of science that focuses on the study of microorganisms, which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and protists. These organisms, though often invisible to the naked eye, play crucial roles in various ecological, industrial, and medical processes. Microbiology is essential for understanding the complexities of microbial life and their interactions with humans, animals, plants, and the environment. It spans a wide range of disciplines, from environmental microbiology to medical and industrial microbiology, each of which examines specific aspects of microbial activity. In medical microbiology, the focus is on the study of pathogens—microorganisms that cause disease in humans and other animals. Researchers in this field investigate how these pathogens infect hosts, the mechanisms they use to evade the immune system, and how they can be controlled or eradicated. This includes studying bacteria responsible for diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia, viruses like influenza and HIV, and fungi that cause infections like candidiasis. Understanding the biology of these pathogens is key to developing effective treatments, including vaccines, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs. Environmental microbiology explores the roles that microorganisms play in the environment, such as in soil fertility, water purification, and bioremediation. Microbes are responsible for breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients, making them integral to the sustainability of ecosystems. In the field of bioremediation, certain microorganisms are used to clean up pollutants such as oil spills, heavy metals, and industrial waste. Environmental microbiologists also study microbial communities in extreme environments, such as deep-sea vents and acidic hot springs, to learn how life can thrive in such harsh conditions. Industrial microbiology applies the principles of microbiology to the production of goods and services. It encompasses the use of microorganisms in the fermentation process for the production of food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. For example, yeast is used in baking and brewing, while bacteria are involved in the production of dairy products like yogurt and cheese. Microbial biotechnology is also a critical area of industrial microbiology, with the use of genetically engineered microorganisms to produce 

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Market Analysis

The global virology market is estimated in 2017 at $1693 million and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period 2018-2025. North America is one of the largest virology market led by the U.S., owing to technological advancements such as rapid, portable diagnostics. North America is expected to retain the top market position over this forecast period.

Globally the Europe is projected to maintain the position as the second largest market. Throughout the forecast period, Europe is estimated to record the highest CAGR, recognized by enhanced healthcare infrastructure, growing affordability of diagnostic tests for viral diseases and facilitated access to diagnostics.

The global viral inactivation market size was valued in 2016 at USD 1.8 billion and is expected to witness a CAGR of 12.5% during these forecast period. The Industrial Analysis of Virology in between 2016-2024 as shown below

Key Players in the Global Virology Market

The famous players identified in the global virology market include GlaxoSmithKline plc, Abbott Laboratories, Novartis International AG, Siemens, Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation, Merck and Co. Inc., Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca AB, and Roche.

Merck and Co. Inc. in phase 2 has several drug candidates, including diabetes, cardiac arrest, cancer, and hepatitis C, and in phase 3 some candidates, including breast cancer, Alzheimer's, Ebola, and HIV and  also has many other candidates, which are currently under review.

Abivax, one of the high profile biotech companies in Paris, France, has already successfully produced candidates against dengue and chikungunya viruses. The company has a few more candidates against HIV and Ebola, currently under development.

Virology Market: Segmentation

The Virology Market stands segmented By Product Type into Diagnosing Test like DNA Viruses, RNA Viruses, Prions Diagnostic Test, and Other Viral Tests.

 On the basis of diagnosis tests, hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, Human papillomavirus (HPV), and other tests (like influenza, Ebola, and dengue) are estimated to hold the largest market share globally during the forecast period. Immunoprophylaxis, Active Prophylaxis (Vaccines), Passive Prophylaxis, Antiviral Chemotherapy (Veridical Agents, Antiviral Agents, Immunomodulators), Interferon’s (Cytokines) are some of the Viral Infection controlling Methods. Immunoprophylaxis therapy and antiviral drugs are the fastest growing market segments in these estimated forecast period.

Virology Market is segmented By Applications into Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, Respiratory Tract Infections, GI Tract & Urinary Tract infections, Eye Infections, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Perinatal Infections. In the global virology market STDs, Urinary tract infections, and respiratory tract infections are currently dominating as compared to the other application types. Virology Market is segmented By End Users into Hospitals, Clinics, Laboratories, Diagnostic Centres, Blood Banks, and Pharmacies.

Importance & Scope:

Virology is the study of viruses. It is important to study viruses because it will allow us to understand the different mechanisms that viruses use to replicate inside a cell, and therefore, we can target those mechanisms without causing high toxicity to the infected organism.

The fields of virology and genomic research have been closely linked for many years; the first whole genome to be sequenced was viral in origin – bacteriophage phi X174, in 1977. As then, many more viral genomes have been mapped, and with the human genome also available, it is now possible to determine viral–host interactions during infection. This has been consequently provided a complete record of potential antiviral targets to be researched. A dramatic increase in research in the field of rational drug design is due to the advent of the HIV pandemic led, resulting in the large number of antiviral drugs and vaccines arriving clinical trials today.

A virologist is specialized who studies the growth, development, structure and characteristics of different viruses. They isolates and makes cultures of significant viruses in a standard inhibitory medium, controlling certain factors, like, aeration, moisture, temperature, and nutrition, etc.

Far of the research here involves using animal studies, and also use information from host and viral genomes to conclude viral virulence. Plant virology is a branch of study of viruses and how they affect plants. These infections can have a terrible impact on agriculture in developing nations.

Until recently, the only microbiota that we could identify in a complex community (e.g., gut flora or seawater) was those we could cultivate. In the 21st century the research will allow the identification of new families of organisms (including viruses) by high-speed sequencing of RNA and DNA. An example of “deep sequencing” technology of mixed populations were found in respiratory secretions and gastrointestinal contents is revealing novel virus families, together pathogenic and nonpathogenic. 

Past Conference

Conference Series LLC Ltd hosted the Hybrid Conference “Euro Virology 2024” during May 10, 2024 in Barcelona, Spain. Eminent keynote speakers from various reputed institutions and organizations addressed the gathering with their resplendent presence.

We extend our grateful thanks to all the momentous speakers, conference attendees who contributed towards the successful run of the conference.

Euro Virology 2024 witnessed an amalgamation of peerless speakers who enlightened the crowd with their knowledge and confabulated on various latest and exciting innovations in all areas of Virology Research.

Euro Virology 2024 Organizing Committee extends its gratitude and congratulates the Honourable Moderators of the conference

Conference Series LLC Ltd extends it’s warm gratitude to all the Honourable Guests and Keynote Speakers of “Euro Virology 2024”.

Conference Series LLC Ltd is privileged to felicitate Euro Virology 2024 Organizing Committee, Keynote Speakers, Chairs & Co-Chairs and also the Moderators of the conference whose support and efforts made the conference to move on the path of success. Conference Series LLC LTD thanks every individual participant for the enormous exquisite response. This inspires us to continue organizing events and conferences for further research in the field of Virology and Virologist.

Conference Series LLC Ltd is glad to announce its “16^th International Virology Summit” during July 03-04, 2023 in Paris, France. We cordially welcome all the eminent researchers, professionals in the field of virology to discuss latest research and challenges in the field. Euro Virology is designed to provide an exclusive platform for virologists, microbiologists, and other health-care professionals, researchers and students working in the field to deliberately, exchange views and their experiences in front of a large international audience, students and delegates to take part in this upcoming conference to witness invaluable scientific discussions and contribute to the future innovations in the field of Virology research with 20% abatement on the Early Bird Prices.

Bookmark your dates for “Euro Virology 2025” as the Nominations for Best Poster Awards and Young Researcher Awards are open across the world.