Biography:

Dr Sharad Kumar Yadav has 26 years of teaching and research experience and has served to various senior positions of the University including Registrar of the DUVASU University. He is currently Professor, Head of Department of Veterinary Microbiology, at DUVASU, Mathura India. He has published number of papers in reputed International & National journals and has a vast experience in the arena of BHV-I virus

Abstract:

Among the viral diseases, IBR caused by Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) occupies a key position, as a disease causing major economic losses in the cattle industry globally. BHV-1 is a member of the genus Varicellovirus in the sub family Alphaherpesvirinae, belonging to the family Herpesviridae. BHV-1 is an enveloped virus with icosahedral nucleocapsid consisting of 162 capsomers encompassing double stranded DNA and surface glycoprotein as D & E can be used as vaccine candidate. BHV-1 is capable of establishing a latent state in ganglionic neurons after infection. Latency allows the virus to persist and the introduction of a latently infected carrier into a non-infected herd is the best way to spread the disease. Prevention & control programs are ongoing in several countries (OIE 2010).

Different types of modern, recombinant and conventional vaccines are available for immunoprophylaxis. Inactivated vaccines are not as efficacious as modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, though both are available. Attenuated vaccines are administered intranasally or intramuscularly. Inactivated vaccines contain high levels of inactivated virus or glycoproteins supplemented with an adjuvant to stimulate an adequate immune response. Inactivated vaccines are given intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Marker vaccines allow the distinction between vaccinated and naturally infected animals. BoHV-1 glycoprotein E deleted mutant marker vaccines are now generally available (live or inactivated). Some of the vaccine virus strains have a temperature-sensitive phenotype which cannot replicate at 39°C or higher temperatures. Vaccination against BoHV-1 is used to protect animals from the clinical disease and markedly reduce the subsequent shedding of field virus in cattle. Although vaccination may not prevent field virus infection of individual animals, spreading of wild-type virus in infected herds is efficiently reduced. Several European countries successfully implemented the IBR eradication program. Countries like Austria, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland are now officially free of IBR.  In this paper the vaccination scenario of BHV-1 will be addressed to plan and discuss the prevention of IBR and as an aid in control and eradication programmes

Biography:

Shubhada Bopegamage is a Virologist, an associate professor. Currently she heads the Enterovirus Laboratory and the National Reference Center for Identification of Enteroviruses of the Medical Faculty of the Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia. Her work is focussed on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of enteroviruses. She received her BSc. Microbiology degree from Pune, MSc. Microbiology degree from Mumbai, India and PhD in Biological Sciences from the Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.  She is known in the Enterovirus research since 2005 for her work on the mouse model and oral route of infection of coxsackievirus. She is involved in research and teaching and has guided several MSc. and PhD students.  She has co-ordinated and has lead as a principal or co-investigator several national and international projects.

Abstract:

Enterovirus infections are often asymptomatic or appear as undifferentiated febrile illnesses, yet they are associated with a broad range of diseases. Most of the knowledge concerning the spread of enteroviruses in the human body is based on experimental studies of poliovirus infections in monkeys. From these studies it is generally believed that local infection of the mucosa is followed by a regional infection in the lymphatic tissues such as tonsils and Peyer’s patches leading to the belief that the primary sites of replication are the epithelial cells of the small intestines and the Peyer’s patches. The spread of Coxsackie B viruses (CVB) after oral infection is expected to follow a similar route. Our aim was to study the duration as well as the localization of viral markers in the murine intestine after oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) route of infection. Transverse sections of the small intestines were chosen for this purpose. Swiss albino and CD1 male (outbred) mice were infected via oral and i.p. route of infection with different strains of CVB. Interferon alpha was localized by immunohistochemistry, whereas viral markers were assessed by viral protein VP1 immunohistochemical analysis, in situ hybridization and detection of CVB3e-GFP in cryosections. Irrespective of the virus strain and dose of infection, the small intestines showed enlarged Peyer’s patches, with enlarged germinating centers. Prolonged presence of virus was observed in the smooth muscle of the small intestines after oral infection, but not after i.p. infection and was confirmed by PCR. Interferon alpha was detected in the Peyer’s patches and in the mucosal layer of the small intestine. We observed a total absence of VP1, 3A and the e-GFP in the Peyer’s patches at all stages of infection irrespective of the virus strain used. In conclusion, infection of the epithelial cells was observed in the small intestine but not in murine Peyer’s patches. Therefore, based on a mouse model of CVB3 infection, our results do not support the hypothesis of viral replication or even presence of CVB in the Peyer’s patches.

Biography:

Vladimir Zajac has completed his PhD in 1982 at the Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, Slovakia, where he has worked as the Head of Department of Cancer Genetics from 1996 to 2010. He has joined the Medical Faculty of the Comenius University as an Associate Professor of Genetics in 2007. He has published 71 papers mostly in reputed journals and he was the Editor of the book “Bacteria, viruses and parasites in AIDS process” (InTech, 2011).

Abstract:

There is increasing evidence, pointing out that GIT and other mucosal tissue and not the blood are the main places of HIV infection and CD4+T cells loss. These findings go along with the new studies about the role of bacterial translocation in the gut as central driver of AIDS pathogenesis. Bacteria can induce in the gut and the vagina transcription of silenced genes, including HIV-1 provirus. The HIV-1 has been also detected in the bowel crypt cells and lamina propria. We have identified HIV-like sequences and HIV-like proteins in bacteria and yeast in a cohort of 80 HIV positive patients from intestinal tract of American and Slovak HIV-positive patients and respiratory tract of Cambodian and Kenyan HIV-positive children. Detected sequences were for 90% homologous with the corresponding sequences of HIV-1. Using monoclonal antibodies (MAB) against HIV-1 antigens p17, p24, gp41 and p55 we have identified HIV-like proteins in bacterial extracts of most tested patients. HIV-like protein was detected by MAB against HIV-1 gp120 in Candida species of all Cambodian and Kenyan samples. Specific properties of patient’s microbiota was found by co-cultivation with HL-60 cells and significant reducing the viral load in a cohort of AIDS patients after administration of probiotics E. coli Nissle 1917 as well. From these results it can be hypothesized to show that the bacteria and yeasts can act as a natural host of the sequence of HIV from the beginning of mankind. Throughout a series of epidemics, most individuals harboring many pathogenic microbes with HIV sequences excite. This tremendous longtime sanitary process took place mainly in Europe, Asia and North Africa. However, administration of antibiotics, drugs and anal intercourse induced intestinal dysbiosis and pathogenic bacteria were re-propagated. When a pathogenic microbe carrying the HIV sequences moved to a larger scale, penetrates from the intestinal tract into the blood, infected/lysed lymphocytes and began the process of immunodeficiency. Presented hypothesis answered many until now unanswered questions: Origin of HIV, absence of “gold standard” in Africa, connection of AIDS with TBC in Africa, the rarity of complete viral particles detection in the material from AIDS patients and others. According to our results there is a strong objection against dogma that HIV was transmitted to humans from apes in Africa about 35-50 years ago on the route of accidental contacts. On the basis of evolutionary process we submit proposals for an explanation of one of the most serious problems concerning this disease, which is a large-scale HIV positive in Africa.

Biography:

Abstract:

In recent years, the development of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have spurred controversy over whether or not males as well as females should obtain the vaccine against the HPV disease. HPV vaccination is an important public health issue because it prevents cancer. The HPV vaccination reduces rates of transmission of genital warts and certain HPV related cancers in males as well as reducing the incidence of cervical cancer in women. The development of the HPV vaccine has further improved opportunities for healthcare providers to effectively combat the human papillomavirus disease. Presently, there are three vaccines marketed in the United States and approved by the FDA that can protect against the sexually transmitted infection of HPV. They are Gardasil®, Gardasil 9®, Cervarix®. All three prevent infections with HPV types 16 and 18, which are the two highest risk that cause approximately 70% of cervical cancer in women and a higher percentage of other HPV-related cancers in men and women. In this presentation the researcher will focus on the three Human Papillomavirus vaccines importance in regards to availability, effectiveness, safety, cost and recommendations.

Biography:

Sarika Tiwari is presently working as a Post Doctoral Fellow (Research Associate) in Indo-UK DBT-BBSRC project in the Division of Pathology, Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India. She has completed her PhD from Department of Microbiology, SGPGIMS, India in 2013 under the supervision of Prof. T. N. and her research focus was to explore the role of central nervous system damage in the pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).

Abstract:

The Human echovirus 30 causes acute aseptic meningitis, viral replication requires energy and macromolecular precursors derived from the metabolic network of the host cell. The effect of viral infection within a host cell metabolic activity remains unclear. To give an insight of cell-virus interaction of echovirus 30 infection were studied on human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. The new approach of metabonomics the ¹H NMR was measured the levels of various cellular metabolites at different times of infections by morphological examination of the cells. The ¹H NMR metabolite spectrum signals were observed between uninfected and infected cells. Both uninfected and infected cells utilized the glucose through metabolic pathways and released the metabolic end products. After infection the concentration of Alanin, Lactate, Acetate, Glutamate, Tyrosine, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Creatine, Choline and Formate were increased and all these augmented metabolites were decreased at the end of the infection. The cells showed wide-ranging lipid signals at the end of the infections, which correlates with the morphological changes as apoptosis of cells were observed. Progressive breakdown and utilization of all cellular components were observed as the infections were increased. The study is useful for monitoring the cellular metabolic changes during virus infection.

Biography:

Mohammad Rashad  Mahmoud has completed his Master from Alexandria University and Phd from Al-azha University.lecturer of microbiology in medical basic science,faculty of dentistry majmaah university.

Abstract:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem recognized globally. HCV is a common cause of liver fibrosis that may lead to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HCV infection and genotyping among Egyptian and Saudi Arabian chronic patients using different molecular techniques. HCV RNA viral load was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology. For HCV genotyping, RT-PCR hybridization fluorescence-based method and reverse hybridization line probe assay (INNO-LiPA) were used. A total of 40 anti-HCV-positive patients with chronic hepatitis C were examined for HCV RNA, genotyping, and different laboratory investigations. In the present study, HCV genotypes 4, mixed 4.1b, and 1 were detected in patients of both countries, while genotype 2 was only detected in Saudi Arabian patients. Genotyping methods for HCV showed no difference in the classification at the genotype level. With regard to HCV subtypes, INNO-LiPA assay was a reliable test in HCV genotyping for the detection of major genotypes and subtypes, while RT-PCR-based assay was a good test at the genotype level only. HCV genotype 4 was found to be the predominant genotype among Egyptian and Saudi Arabian chronic patients. In conclusion, data analysis for detecting and genotyping HCV was an important factor for understanding the epidemiology and treatment strategies of HCV among Egyptian and Saudi Arabian chronic patients.

Biography:

Maduike C O Ezeibe is a Professor of Veterinary Medicine in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike-Nigeria and a graduate of University of Nigeria, Nsukka from where he obtained Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree (DVM), MSc and PhD. He is also a Fellow of College of Veterinary Surgeons, Nigeria (FCVSN). He has won many academic prizes, including Best Student in Veterinary Microbiology, Pathology, Public Health and Jurisprudence and in Veterinary Clinics. In 2011, he won Nigerian Government’s presidential Standing Committee Award for invention of Medicinal synthetic Aluminum-magnesium silicate (nanoparticles); a broad spectrum antiviral medicine which has proved effective against Avian influenza virus, Measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, Peste des petits ruminants virus, Infectious bursal disease virus, Egg drop syndrome 76 virus, Avipoxvirus and Canine parvovirus.

Abstract:

Small size (110 nm) of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is what allows it access across physiological barriers, to get to the sanctuary cells in brain, bone marrow and testes where antiretroviral medicines (bigger molecules) have no access to it. Since the infection also depopulates lymphocytes (AIDS), nothing was left to terminate it. So, HIV/AIDS has been incurable. However, platelets (Nanoparticles) of molecules of aluminum-magnesium silicate (AMS) are smaller (0.96 nm thick). Edges of the nanoparticles are positively charged and their surfaces negatively charged while HIV is positively charged and infected cells, negatively charged. As nanoparticles AMS-platelets have access to all organs/tissues to bond their surfaces onto HIV-particles and their edges onto HIV-infected cells (including the sanctuary cells). They destroy the infected cells by the mechanism AMS traditionally disintegrates drug-capsules, so that hidden infections are unmasked. When 100% of the viral infection is mopped out, it terminates. For clinical trial of Medicinal synthetic aluminum-magnesium silicate (MSAMS, Antivirt®), 10 HIV/AIDS patients were treated daily, with MSAMS (50 mg/kg), MSAMS-stabilized ampicillin trihydrate (7.5 mg/kg) and immunace extra-protection® (1 tablet) for one month and then, for 10 months with only MSAMS and the immune stimulants. They were tested, monthly, for viral loads (VL) and CD4-lymphocytes counts (CD4). When their VL became undetectable they were tested for HIV confirmation. Their mean-VL increased (P=0.020) from 1820.30±868.75 to 2855.90±960.98 before reducing (P=0.0.030) to: 1565.20±743.17; 759.20±473.65; 345.50±115.012; 192.80±97.40; 95.00±55.80; 37.40±26.46 and <20/ml (undetectable: 17.50±16.88; 8.10 and 0.00±0.00). Their mean-CD4 reduced (P=0.008) from 496.80±194.39 to 263.90±149.26 before improving (P=0.001) to: 507.90±133.19; 692.70±113.34; 840.20±139.41; 1007.30±163.50 and >1500/ml (normal maximum: 1537.10±302.10; 1924.60±247.45; 2707.00±837.87). Three patients recovered after 8 months treatment, 2 after 9 months and 5 after 10 months. The Antivirt®-immune stimulants regimen terminated HIV-infection and repopulated lymphocytes. So, it is an effective treatment for HIV/AIDS.

Biography:

Abstract:

Diagnostic preparations have been obtained on the basis of five Kazakhstan strains of influenza A/H1N1viruses, isolated from swine in the Almaty (07/13, 06/14 and 10/14) and Kostanay (23/14 and 24/14) oblasts of Kazakhstan, composed of freeze-dried highly active and highly specific purified antigens. The freeze-dried strains of influenza A virus  after one, three and six months of storage were tested for infectious activity.  It was found that after storage of freeze-dried viruses within one month at 4°C, hemagglutinating activity of the virus 07/13 (H1N1) remained at the same level (1:1024), in the rest it decreased twice. Infectious activity of all tested influenza strains decreased by an average of 1-2 lg EID_{50/0.2 ml}.  As a result of three-month storage under the same conditions, hemagglutinating activity in the strain 07/13 decreased twice (1:512), in the other viruses - four times (1:256). Infectious activity of all influenza virus isolates decreased to 1.44-4.47 lg EID_{50/0.2 ml}. After six-month storage, hemagglutinating activity of the Kostanay (23/14 and 24/14) and Almaty (07/13) isolates remained the same as that of after three-month storage (1:256 and 1:512, respectively); in the Almaty viruses (06/14 and 10/14) it decreased eight times - 1:128. Infectivity of influenza virus strains varied in the range of 1.23-4.33 lg EID_{50/0.2 ml}.  Thereby, the obtained freeze-dried antigens to the Kazakhstan influenza virus strains can be used as standard diagnosticums for detection of specific antibodies in blood serums, even after six months of storage, since the maintenance of their hemagglutinating and infectious activity was observed

Biography:

Dr Samuel Tezera was completed his MSc at age of 25 from Mekelle and Jimma University College of Veterinary Medicine in Degree in Veterinary Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine with Masters of veterinary Epidemiology, respectively in 2010 and 2012. He also has higher diploma in teaching higher educations and international diploma in Poultry husbandry and animal feed. He assigned to Wollo University in the position of assistant professor for one year and currently, he is working at university of Gondar in the position of Assistant professor of Veterinary Epidemiology in doing teaching, conducting research and giving community service for 3 years. He is also the head of Department of veterinary clinical medicine and has published 12 articles.

Abstract:

African horse sickness is a devastating disease of equids caused by an arthropod-borne virus in family of  Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus which is transmitted mainly by culicoides species. So far there is no study conducted describing strain of AHSV in Amhara region of Ethiopia. Therefore, this research was done to investigate the nature of outbreaks, assess associated risk factors and identify circulating serotypes of African horse sickness virus by using quantitative real-time RT-PCR from. The indigenous knowledge of equine owners about AHS were assessed through a structured questionnaire format and retrospective data of AHS outbreaks for five years obtained from MoA were analyzed and 1,610 cases, 767 deaths and 123 outbreaks were found from 2007-2011 in Amhara region. Four outbreak were encountered in three districts and majority cases were found in Bahrdar 14 (47.6%) followed   by Dangla 11 (36.6%) and Merawi 5 (16.7%). Twenty mule were found died by showing typical sign of cardiac and pulmonary form of AHS, 10 whole blood sample were taken from clinical affected mule for virus isolation on Vero cell and detection of AHSV genomes using conventional RT-PCR were conducted. Further molecular characterization and serotyping were done using real time RT-PCR. Serotype 9 of AHSV is predominant virus circulating in the study areas. In some vaccinated mule against serotype 9 of AHSV were also affected. So further study on molecular characterization of the field isolate and their relationship to vaccinal strain is recommended for development of bi or polyvalent vaccines for all AHSVs.